El estudio de los hábitos naturales de sucesión dentro de las colmenas le ha permitido al hombre descubrir el modo de alterar la conducta de las abejas en pos de obtener una nueva reina. Los métodos más conocidos a lo largo de la historia, explicados, paso a paso alientan a todos a la producción de sus propias reinas.
LA CRÍA DE REINAS es una de las tareas apícolas que está envuelta en una nube de misterio en la que todos los apicultores que se inician quieren entrar y los que se encuentran en su interior guardan algún pequeño y profundo secreto. Lo cierto es que quien desarrolla esta actividad goza, entre sus colegas, de un cierto respeto y prestigio.
En la apicultura actual hay una verdadera conciencia respecto de la importancia de la selección de abejas para lograr cada día una producción más rentable y eficiente, ajustada a las necesidades de cada región apícola del país, como también para la obtención de un determinado producto o servicio llámese miel, polen, propóleos, jalea real o polinización.
Se sabe que en la mayoría de los casos hay solamente una reina por colmena, rodeada de miles de abejas y algunos cientos de zánganos. La madre de todos los habitantes de la colonia -la reina- debe mantenerse en un estado óptimo de postura que garantice no sólo la supervivencia de la colonia sino también la producción. Por ello resulta indispensable que las abejas (en forma natural) o el apicultor (en forma artificial) efectúen el recambio de la reina a tiempo.
La necesidad de reemplazo puede deberse a su muerte por envejecimiento, mala calidad, pérdida accidental o por enjambrazón. La ausencia de la monarca produce trastornos en el comportamiento de la colonia, fácilmente reconocibles por el apicultor experimentado mediante un zumbido característico. Además se produce inmediatamente la falta de feromonas (sustancia química que utilizan para comunicarse) lo que provoca un estado de irritación en las abejas. Al cabo de algunos días las obreras se ponen en campaña para la construcción de las celdas reales donde se formarán las nuevas reinas.
Uno de los grandes interrogantes de los apicultores novatos es de dónde salen los huevos para la futura soberana si la anterior reina -única que cumple tal función- ha desaparecido. Cualquier huevo fecundad sin nacer sirve para tal fin; pero en el caso que todos hayan nacido, las obreras recurren a las larvas que todavía no han. sido alimentadas con miel y polen, pues el secreto radica en que durante la etapa larval su dieta exclusiva sea Jalea real. A pesar de ello, cuando no encuentran una larva con una dieta semejante la sucesión del trono recae en la larva más joven de la colmena (Siempre y cuando no haya superado las 72 horas como larva). Está científicamente comprobado que mientras mayor sea la edad de la larva empleada para la obtención de una reina, menor será la calidad de la reina a obtenerse influyendo esto en la cantidad de óvulos que se formarán en las ovariolas de la reina
MULTIPLICACION. La heredera seleccionada antes de nacer, sufre un período de encierro dentro de la celda real que dura aproximadamente 16 días, según la raza que se trate. Cumplido ese período nace la soberana. Si por alguna razón (bajas temperaturas, deshidratación, falta de alimento en la colmena o falta de abejas) la larva muere y la colonia no tiene otra a quien recurrir, las obreras, hembras vírgenes se alimentarán con jalea real, este nutritivo alimento desarrollará sus ovarios transformándose en obreras ponedoras dando huevos de zánganos (fenómeno llamado partenogénesis); último recurso para que las características genéticas de la colonia trasciendan. En apicultura este fenómeno se conoce como colmena zanganera.
Desde los comienzos de la apicultura el hombre se dedicó a observar y descubrió, que por lo general, las abejas construyen varias celdas reales para garantizar su propia supervivencia, como consecuencia, en el momento del nacimiento es muy factible que nazcan varias reinas al mismo tiempo. En forma natural las abejas recién nacidas compiten por el trono en una lucha a muerte donde solamente queda una. El hombre al ver esto trató de obtener provecho de esa situación sacándolas de la colmena antes de la lucha.
El saber desarrollar reinas facilita en gran medida el crecimiento y el mejoramiento racional de la explotación apícola, por ello los criadores de abejas se preocuparon, a través del tiempo, en mejorar las técnicas para la obtención de reinas en forma artificial.
Un método recomendado para obtener gran cantidad de celdas reales (muchas veces superior a 20) consiste en .seleccionar una colonia por sus características de mansedumbre, alta capacidad de acopio, escasa enjambrazón y resistencia a las enfermedades, y extraerle la vieja reina al principio de la gran mielada (período dé máxima floración y de mayor entrada de néctar y polen a la colmena). Diez días después de haber eliminado a la reina, con mucho cuidado se extraen todas las celdas -menos la destinada a esa colmena- y se injertan en otras horfanizadas (como mínimo 48 horas para garantizar la aceptación de la celda), previo asegurarse el apicultor de que no queden huevos ni larvas menores.
En la actualidad muchos apicultores principiantes, por falta de experiencia y otros de edad avanzada con problemas de vista y pulso tembloroso creen que no pueden criar sus propias reinas a ellos van dedicados la descripción de los siguientes métodos.
METODO BENTLEY. Otra forma de producir celdas sin necesidad de buscar la reina es el "método Bentley". Está técnica consiste en introducir en un alza vacía por lo menos 6 cuadros de cría de todas las edades, extraídos de una colonia de características deseadas, Para que no le falte alimento proteico ni energético a ambos lados de los cuadros de cría se ubican un par de panales con miel, el resto de los panales de la cámara se completan con cuadros de cera estampada. Arriba de ella y separada por una entretapa ciega (que impida el paso de las abejas entre ambas alzas), se coloca una colmena bien poblada con una piquera independiente. Al cabo de 12 días se extraen del cuerpo inferior las celdas reales que se utilizarán para renovar las monarcas de otras colmenas y se separa el alza superior (que continúa con su reina original) del alza inferior (en la que se deja una celda real). Este método se basa en el aprovechamiento de las abejas pecoreadoras de la colonia superior que, al regresar de sus vuelos, ingresan encontrándose con la colmena inferior y al no encontrar a la reina comienzan a construir celdas reales.
Hasta 1960 el único método que se conocía para producir gran cantidad de realeras era si mular las condiciones de enjambrazón. La calidad de las celdas obtenidas con este método era buena, pero el problema estaba en la ubicación de las mismas, lo que muchas veces dificultaba la recolección, con el agravante del deterioro de la celda como del cuadro portador. Por esa razón, la mayoría de los productores de reinas optaron por alguno de los siguientes métodos para la obtención de realeras
METODO MILLER: Se basa en la introducción de un cuadro de cera estampa da con franjas de 5 a 7 centímetros de ancho que terminan hacia abajo en punta. Una vez preparado el material se lo introduce en la cámara de cría con la reina seleccionada para que las obreras estiren la cera y la reina coloque los huevos. Luego de una semana se traslada el cuadro, con las larvas recién nacidas, a una colmena criadora donde se realizará el estiramiento de las celdas reales. Diez días después varias estarán cerradas y listas para ser injertadas en la colonia destinataria.
METODO ALLEY: Se preparan lonjas de panal que contengan crías jóvenes de obrera y se fijan en la base de un cuadro más corto de lo normal o en un listón que se coloca dentro de un cuadro vacío (se recomienda destruir celda por medio para evitar que el amontonamiento dificulte su extracción). Posteriormente se introduce en la colonia huérfana que continuará el estiramiento de la celda real.
SISTEMA JENTER: En el Congreso de Apimondia realizado en 1987, los criadores de reinas quedaron sorprendidos con el sistema Jenter que obtuviera la medalla de oro. Esta técnica revolucionó la apicultura mundial al facilitar la crianza de reinas a pequeña y mediana escala al eliminar el uso de agujas de transferencia y dejar en el olvido los costosos laboratorios, luces y lupas especiales para ver larvas. Básicamente se trata de una caja 3,5 cm de fondo, 12 de ancho y 12 de alto que se coloca en un cuadro de la cámara de cría . El fondo es una tapa con 90 perforaciones donde se colocan 90 cúpulas (celdas) que más tarde recibirán los huevos fecundados por la reina. Simula una caja donde la reina se encuentra confinada y las abejas obreras tienen libre acceso, de tal forma que la soberana es alimentada y cuidada con normalidad . Una vez que la reina completa la postura en las cúpulas – al cabo de unas pocas horas – éstas se extraen por medio de un bastón y se transfieren sin riesgo al cuadro porta cúpulas donde concluye el proceso en una colmena continuadora encargada de estirar las celdas hasta el operculado. El proceso continua en forma similar al resto de los métodos.
Para especialistas: De todas las técnicas que hablan sobre el tema la más aceptada por los criadores de todo el mundo fue la presentada por Perret-Maisonneuve en 1888, mejorada por Doolitte 27 años más tarde. Este método se ha impuesto y continúa vigente por ser práctico, económico y porque produce reinas de alta calidad. Básicamente consiste en el uso de cúpulas (celdas artificiales de cera o plásticas) que se pegan sobre listones de madera y se colocan sobre marcos especiales, denominados "portacúpuas". Estos se introducen en colmenas huérfanas para que en un período que va desde 2 horas hasta un día las abejas fijen sustancias que estimulen a las demás abejas a trabajar sobre éstas (proceso de familiarización). El paso siguiente es el traslarve que consiste en introducir en las cúpulas larvas de obreras de 12 a 24 horas de vida, extraídas de la colonia madre por medio de una aguja de transferencia. Las cúpulas así preparadas son ofrecidas durante un lapso de 24 a 36 horas a las colmenas iniciadoras, que son las responsables de la aceptación de las larvas. De prosperar, se pasan luego a las colmenas continuadoras que, son las encargadas de terminar el proceso hasta el operculado de la celda real. La tarea que le queda al apicultor es sacarlas a tiempo para destinarlas a colmenas huérfanas.
Queens breeding for beginners.
The study of the natural habits of succession within the hives has allowed man to discover how to alter the behavior of bees after getting a new queen. The best known throughout history methods, explained, step by step encourage everyone to producing their own queens.
Queen rearing is one of the beekeeping tasks is enveloped in a cloud of mystery in which all beekeepers who want to get started and which are stored inside a small, secret. The truth is that those who develop this activity enjoys among his colleagues, a certain respect and prestige.
In today beekeeping is no real awareness of the importance of the selection of bees to accomplish each day more profitable and efficient production, tailored to the needs of the beekeeping region, as well as for obtaining a particular product or service call it honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly or pollination.
It is known that there is only one queen per hive, surrounded by thousands of bees and some hundreds of drones in most cases. The mother of all the inhabitants of the colony-the queen should remain in a state of optimal position to ensure not only the survival of the colony but also production. It is therefore essential that bees (naturally) or the beekeeper (artificially) conduct the queen to spare time.
The need for replacement may be due to his death by aging, poor quality, accidental loss or swarming. The absence of the monarch produces disorders in the behavior of the colony, easily recognizable by the beekeeper experienced by a distinctive buzz. Besides it occurs immediately lack of pheromones (chemical they use to communicate) causing a state of irritation bees. After a few days the workers are put in campaign to build the actual cells where new queens will form.
One of the great questions of novice beekeepers is where they come from eggs for future sovereign queen -only if the above such function-compliant gone. Any egg fecundity unborn used for this purpose; but in the case that everyone is born, workers turn to larvae that have not. Was ali-mented with honey and pollen, because the secret is that during the larval stage its exclusive diet is Royal Jelly. However, when they find a larva with a similar diet succession to the throne rests with the younger larvae from the hive (As long as you have not exceeded 72 hours larva). It is scientifically proven that the greater the age of the larva used for the production of a queen, the lower the quality of the queen obtained influencing this in the number of eggs that will be formed in the Queen ovarioles
MULTIPLICATION. The selected heir before birth, undergoes a period of confinement within the actual cell that lasts about 16 days, according to the race question. Fulfilled that period born the sovereign. If for some reason (low temperature, dehydration, lack of food in the hive or lack of bees) the larva dies and the colony has no one to turn, workers, virgin females were fed with royal jelly, this nutrient develop its ovaries becoming egg laying workers giving drones (a phenomenon called parthenogenesis); last resort to the genetic characteristics of the colony transcend. Beekeeping This phenomenon it is known as zanganera hive.
Since the beginning of beekeeping man turned to watch and discovered that usually bees build several queen cells to ensure their own survival, therefore, at the time of birth it is very likely to be born several queens at the same time . Naturally newborn bees compete for the throne in a death struggle where only one left. Seeing this man tried to get out of that situation taking them out of the hive before the fight.
Knowing queens develop greatly facilitates rational growth and improvement of beekeeping, so the beekeepers worried, over time, to improve the techniques for obtaining queens artificially.
Recommended for a lot of queen cells (often exceeding 20) .Select method is a colony for their characteristics of meekness, high collection capacity, low swarming and disease resistance, and extract the old queen to top the large honeydew (peak flowering period and higher input nectar and pollen to the hive). Ten days after removing the queen, very carefully all the cells -less aimed at the hive and grafted onto other horfanizadas (at least 48 hours to ensure acceptance of the cell), after securing the beekeeper extracted that there are no eggs or larvae under.
Today many beginner beekeepers, for lack of experience and other elderly and visually impaired trembling hand believe they can not raise their own queens they are dedicated to the description of the following methods.
METHOD BENTLEY. Another way to produce cells without searching the queen is "Bentley method". This technique involves inserting a blank at least 6 brood of all ages, extracted from a colony of desired characteristics, rising Lest you on both sides of the brood missing protein and energy food are located a couple honeycomb with honey, the rest of the combs camera complete with boxes stamped wax. Above it and separated by a blind Entretapas (which prevents the passage of bees between the two hikes), a well populated hive with an independent runner is placed. After 12 days removed from the lower body the queen cells to be used for renew the monarchs of other hives and higher rise (which continues with its original Queen) from the bottom upwards is separated (in a real cell is left) . This method is based on the use of foraging bees from the upper colony, returning from their flights, encountering enter the lower hive and not finding the queen start building queen cells.
Until 1960 the only method known to produce many queen cells was whether bottlenose conditions swarming. The quality of the cells obtained with this method was good but the problem was the location of the same, which often made it difficult to harvest, exacerbated the deterioration of the cell as the carrier box. For that reason, most of the producers of queens chose one of the following methods for obtaining queen cells
METHOD MILLER: Based on the introduction of a box of wax stamp gives stripes 5-7 cm wide that end pointed down. Once the material is prepared feeds it into the brood chamber with the queen selected for workers stretch the wax and the queen put eggs. After a week the picture moves with the newly hatched larvae, a breeder hive where the queen cells stretching is performed. Ten days later, several will be closed and ready to be grafted in the target colony.
METHOD ALLEY: slices of honeycomb containing young pups working and fixed on the basis of a shorter frame than usual or in a bar that is placed inside an empty box (recommended destroying cell through to avoid are prepared to clutter hinders its extraction). Subsequently introduced into the orphan colony will continue stretching the actual cell.
JENTER SYSTM: In the Apimondia Congress held in 1987, the queen breeders were surprised with Jenter system that obtained the gold medal. This technique revolutionized the world beekeeping to facilitate the raising of queens to small and medium scale to eliminate the use of needles and do away into oblivion expensive laboratories, special lights and magnifiers to see larvae. Basically it is a box 3.5 cm deep, 12 wide and 12 high, which is placed in a box the brood chamber. The background is a lid with holes 90 where 90 domes standing (cells) which later receive the fertilized eggs by the queen. Simulates a case where the queen is confined and worker bees have free access, so that the sovereign is normally fed and cared for. Once the complete Queen's stance on domes - after a few hours - they are extracted by a cane and transferred safely to the picture carrier domes where it concludes the process in a responsible successor hive cells to stretch the operculado. The process continues similarly to the other methods.
For specialists: Of all the techniques that talk about the most accepted by breeders worldwide was presented by Perret-Maisonneuve in 1888, improved by Doolittle 27 years later. This method has been imposed and still in force to be practical, economical and because it produces high-quality queens. Basically it consists in the use of domes (wax or plastic artificial cells) sticking on wooden battens and placed on special frames, called "portacúpuas". These are placed in hives orphan for a period ranging from two hours to one day set substances that stimulate bees to other bees to work on these (familiarization process). The next step is the traslarve which comprises introducing into worker larvae domes 12 to 24 hours after birth, the mother colony drawn through a transfer needle. The domes thus prepared are offered for a period of 24-36 hours at the initiators hives, which are responsible for the acceptance of the larvae. If successful, are then passed to the successors hives, they are responsible for completing the process until operculado real cell. The remaining task is to get them out in time beekeeper to use as a orphan hives
Queens breeding for beginners.
The study of the natural habits of succession within the hives has allowed man to discover how to alter the behavior of bees after getting a new queen. The best known throughout history methods, explained, step by step encourage everyone to producing their own queens.
Queen rearing is one of the beekeeping tasks is enveloped in a cloud of mystery in which all beekeepers who want to get started and which are stored inside a small, secret. The truth is that those who develop this activity enjoys among his colleagues, a certain respect and prestige.
In today beekeeping is no real awareness of the importance of the selection of bees to accomplish each day more profitable and efficient production, tailored to the needs of the beekeeping region, as well as for obtaining a particular product or service call it honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly or pollination.
It is known that there is only one queen per hive, surrounded by thousands of bees and some hundreds of drones in most cases. The mother of all the inhabitants of the colony-the queen should remain in a state of optimal position to ensure not only the survival of the colony but also production. It is therefore essential that bees (naturally) or the beekeeper (artificially) conduct the queen to spare time.
The need for replacement may be due to his death by aging, poor quality, accidental loss or swarming. The absence of the monarch produces disorders in the behavior of the colony, easily recognizable by the beekeeper experienced by a distinctive buzz. Besides it occurs immediately lack of pheromones (chemical they use to communicate) causing a state of irritation bees. After a few days the workers are put in campaign to build the actual cells where new queens will form.
One of the great questions of novice beekeepers is where they come from eggs for future sovereign queen -only if the above such function-compliant gone. Any egg fecundity unborn used for this purpose; but in the case that everyone is born, workers turn to larvae that have not. Was ali-mented with honey and pollen, because the secret is that during the larval stage its exclusive diet is Royal Jelly. However, when they find a larva with a similar diet succession to the throne rests with the younger larvae from the hive (As long as you have not exceeded 72 hours larva). It is scientifically proven that the greater the age of the larva used for the production of a queen, the lower the quality of the queen obtained influencing this in the number of eggs that will be formed in the Queen ovarioles
MULTIPLICATION. The selected heir before birth, undergoes a period of confinement within the actual cell that lasts about 16 days, according to the race question. Fulfilled that period born the sovereign. If for some reason (low temperature, dehydration, lack of food in the hive or lack of bees) the larva dies and the colony has no one to turn, workers, virgin females were fed with royal jelly, this nutrient develop its ovaries becoming egg laying workers giving drones (a phenomenon called parthenogenesis); last resort to the genetic characteristics of the colony transcend. Beekeeping This phenomenon it is known as zanganera hive.
Since the beginning of beekeeping man turned to watch and discovered that usually bees build several queen cells to ensure their own survival, therefore, at the time of birth it is very likely to be born several queens at the same time . Naturally newborn bees compete for the throne in a death struggle where only one left. Seeing this man tried to get out of that situation taking them out of the hive before the fight.
Knowing queens develop greatly facilitates rational growth and improvement of beekeeping, so the beekeepers worried, over time, to improve the techniques for obtaining queens artificially.
Recommended for a lot of queen cells (often exceeding 20) .Select method is a colony for their characteristics of meekness, high collection capacity, low swarming and disease resistance, and extract the old queen to top the large honeydew (peak flowering period and higher input nectar and pollen to the hive). Ten days after removing the queen, very carefully all the cells -less aimed at the hive and grafted onto other horfanizadas (at least 48 hours to ensure acceptance of the cell), after securing the beekeeper extracted that there are no eggs or larvae under.
Today many beginner beekeepers, for lack of experience and other elderly and visually impaired trembling hand believe they can not raise their own queens they are dedicated to the description of the following methods.
METHOD BENTLEY. Another way to produce cells without searching the queen is "Bentley method". This technique involves inserting a blank at least 6 brood of all ages, extracted from a colony of desired characteristics, rising Lest you on both sides of the brood missing protein and energy food are located a couple honeycomb with honey, the rest of the combs camera complete with boxes stamped wax. Above it and separated by a blind Entretapas (which prevents the passage of bees between the two hikes), a well populated hive with an independent runner is placed. After 12 days removed from the lower body the queen cells to be used for renew the monarchs of other hives and higher rise (which continues with its original Queen) from the bottom upwards is separated (in a real cell is left) . This method is based on the use of foraging bees from the upper colony, returning from their flights, encountering enter the lower hive and not finding the queen start building queen cells.
Until 1960 the only method known to produce many queen cells was whether bottlenose conditions swarming. The quality of the cells obtained with this method was good but the problem was the location of the same, which often made it difficult to harvest, exacerbated the deterioration of the cell as the carrier box. For that reason, most of the producers of queens chose one of the following methods for obtaining queen cells
METHOD MILLER: Based on the introduction of a box of wax stamp gives stripes 5-7 cm wide that end pointed down. Once the material is prepared feeds it into the brood chamber with the queen selected for workers stretch the wax and the queen put eggs. After a week the picture moves with the newly hatched larvae, a breeder hive where the queen cells stretching is performed. Ten days later, several will be closed and ready to be grafted in the target colony.
METHOD ALLEY: slices of honeycomb containing young pups working and fixed on the basis of a shorter frame than usual or in a bar that is placed inside an empty box (recommended destroying cell through to avoid are prepared to clutter hinders its extraction). Subsequently introduced into the orphan colony will continue stretching the actual cell.
JENTER SYSTM: In the Apimondia Congress held in 1987, the queen breeders were surprised with Jenter system that obtained the gold medal. This technique revolutionized the world beekeeping to facilitate the raising of queens to small and medium scale to eliminate the use of needles and do away into oblivion expensive laboratories, special lights and magnifiers to see larvae. Basically it is a box 3.5 cm deep, 12 wide and 12 high, which is placed in a box the brood chamber. The background is a lid with holes 90 where 90 domes standing (cells) which later receive the fertilized eggs by the queen. Simulates a case where the queen is confined and worker bees have free access, so that the sovereign is normally fed and cared for. Once the complete Queen's stance on domes - after a few hours - they are extracted by a cane and transferred safely to the picture carrier domes where it concludes the process in a responsible successor hive cells to stretch the operculado. The process continues similarly to the other methods.
For specialists: Of all the techniques that talk about the most accepted by breeders worldwide was presented by Perret-Maisonneuve in 1888, improved by Doolittle 27 years later. This method has been imposed and still in force to be practical, economical and because it produces high-quality queens. Basically it consists in the use of domes (wax or plastic artificial cells) sticking on wooden battens and placed on special frames, called "portacúpuas". These are placed in hives orphan for a period ranging from two hours to one day set substances that stimulate bees to other bees to work on these (familiarization process). The next step is the traslarve which comprises introducing into worker larvae domes 12 to 24 hours after birth, the mother colony drawn through a transfer needle. The domes thus prepared are offered for a period of 24-36 hours at the initiators hives, which are responsible for the acceptance of the larvae. If successful, are then passed to the successors hives, they are responsible for completing the process until operculado real cell. The remaining task is to get them out in time beekeeper to use as a orphan hives
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