En la reina, la glándula lactífera, segrega feromonas que controlan el comportamiento de la familia. Mantiene unidos a los individuos de una misma colmena e inhibe la postura de las obreras.
En ella esta glándula se encuentra sumamente desarrollada. Cuenta también con una glándula ácida y otra alcalina en el aparato vulnerador. Esto es de gran importancia, ya que a partir de la secreción de la glándula alcalina, los huevos son recubiertos de una sustancia pegajosa mediante la cual se adhieren al fondo de la celda.
Las obreras, también cuentan con un sistema glandular complejo. El desarrollo de las diferentes glándulas en la obrera es el responsable de los cambios de rol a lo largo de su vida como insecto adulto.
Entre las glándulas de secreción externa, en la cabeza se encuentran las glándulas lactíferas (hipofaríngeas y supracerebrales) que producen la jalea real con que alimentan a la reina y la cría.
Ordenadas alrededor del cerebro se componen de un gran número de células secretoras. En las obreras jóvenes son de forma globosa. La secreción de jalea real está asociada a la digestión de miel y polen. Por eso, frecuentemente, cuando disminuye la entrada de alimento a la colmena o en caso de existir parasitaciones internas la producción de jalea disminuye considerablemente afectando el desarrollo general de la familia. La máxima secreción se encuentra entre el 8º y el 12º día de vida de la abeja. Estás glándulas comienzan a disminuir su producción hasta hacerse prácticamente nula. En ese momento las glándulas se vuelven pequeñas y encogidas.
Paralelamente con esta atrofia, comienzan a desarrollarse las glándulas productoras de cera.
Una colonia para producir un kilogramo de cera, necesita consumir más de 10 kilogramos de miel.
A partir del vigésimo día de vida de la abeja estas glándulas se atrofian y baja su producción de ácidos grasos. En ese momento las glándulas degeneran convirtiéndose en una capa achatada de células.
También en el abdomen, pero en la zona dorsal, se aloja la glándula odorífera (Nasanoff).
Emite el olor particular y distintivo de cada familia de abejas. Mediante ella son reconocidos los individuos pertenecientes a una misma colmena, sirve para orientar a las obreras jóvenes en sus primeros vuelos, durante la enjambrazón para dar cohesión al enjambre, y para marcar la posición de la colmena a las reinas vírgenes que salen en sus vuelos de orientación y fecundación.
Es frecuente ver cantidad de abejas en el frente de la colmena con el abdomen levantado dejando expuesta esta glándula de color blanquecino y batiendo fuertemente las alas.
En las obreras y en la reina encontramos el aparato vulnerador. Está formado por un par de glándulas: una que secreta una solución ácida y otra de reacción alcalina. Tienen forma de saco alargado y se unen en la “bolsa venenífera”. Allí también descarga otra glándula que produce una sustancia lubricante y todo el conjunto termina en el aguijón propiamente dicho.
El aguijón consta de un par de estiletes o lancetas quitinosas de superficie aserrada que se encuentran dentro de una vaina. Cuando el aguijón es clavado, las lancetas se mueven con rapidez accionadas por poderosos músculos.
En el caso de penetrar la piel del ser humano, los estiletes se traban en la epidermis y no pueden ser retirados por la abeja. Cuando esta intenta volar, se desprende todo el aparato vulnerador (bolsa de veneno, músculos, etc.) y al cabo de algunas horas la abeja muere. Los músculos siguen accionando las lancetas y continúan introduciendo el veneno. Por eso es necesario actuar con celeridad y retirar el aguijón desde la base.
La combinación de las glándulas ácidas y alcalinas, dan como resultado un veneno sumamente activo capaz de producir serios trastornos en el organismo humano, a pesar de su ínfima cantidad (0,3 mg).
Finalmente describiremos las glándulas salivares. Existen un par situadas en la cabeza y otras en la parte ventral del tórax. Todas desembocan en el salivario situado en la base del labio del aparato bucal. Segregan enzimas destinadas a desdoblar los azúcares del néctar.
SYSTEM GLANDS OF BEES
The queen, the lactífera gland secretes pheromones that control the behavior of the family. It holds together the individuals of the same hive and inhibits the position of the workers.
It gland is highly developed. It also has a gland and other alkaline acid in the infringing device. This is of great importance as from alkaline secretion gland, the eggs are coated with a sticky substance which sticks to the bottom of the cell.
The workers also have a complex glandular system. The development of various glands in the working is responsible for the changing roles throughout her life as an adult insect.
Among the external secretion glands in the head are the lactiferous glands (hypopharyngeal and supracerebrales) that produce royal jelly to feed the queen and brood.
Arranged around the brain consist of a large number of secretory cells. In young workers are globose. Royal jelly secretion is associated with the digestion of honey and pollen. So often, when the entry of food decreases the hive or if any internal parasitism is jelly production decreases significantly affecting the overall development of the family. The maximum discharge is between the 8th and 12th day of life of the bee. These glands begin to decrease production to be negligible. At that time the glands become small and cramped.
In parallel with this atrophy, wax-producing glands begin to develop.
These are housed in the ventral part of the last five abdominal segments. There are four pairs that between days 12 to 20 acquire glandular structure. These glands are simply specialized parts of the epidermis. The wax is secreted into bags or cereros shaped pockets of fluid through pores.
This, in contact with air, solidifies quickly semitransparent flake shaped. To become operational, it is closely linked to the availability of food (honey and pollen).
A colony to produce one kilogram of wax, you need to consume more than 10 kilograms of honey.
From the twentieth day life of the bee these glands atrophy and low production of fatty acids. Then they degenerate glands becoming a flattened layer of cells.
Also in the abdomen, but in the back area, the scent gland (Nasanoff) is housed.
Emits the particular and distinctive of each family of bees smell. Through it are recognized individuals within the same hive, it serves to guide the young workers in their first flights during swarming to give cohesion to swarm, and to mark the position of the hive to virgin queens departing on flights guidance and fertilization.
It is common to see many bees in front of the hive exposing the abdomen raised whitish gland and heavily flapping wings.
In the workers and the queen we found the infringing device. It consists of a pair of glands: one that secretes an acidic solution and another alkaline reaction. They have an elongated jacket and join in the "venenífera bag". There also discharges and the whole sting ends in another gland itself produces a lubricating substance.
The sting consists of a pair of stilettos or chitin sawn surface lancets are within a pod. When the sting is nailed, lancets move rapidly driven by powerful muscles.
For penetrate the human skin, the pens are locked in the epidermis and can not be removed by the bee. When it tries to fly, all the infringing device (bag of poison, muscles, etc.) appears and after a few hours the bee dies. Muscles continue operating the lancets and continue to introduce the poison. Therefore it is necessary to act quickly and remove the sting from the base.
The combination of acidic and alkaline glands, resulting in a very active poison capable of serious disorders in the human body, despite its tiny amount (0.3 mg).
Finally we describe the salivary glands. There are a couple located in the head and another in the ventral part of the chest. All the salivary flow at the base lip mouthparts. They secrete enzymes for nectar sugars unfold.
SYSTEM GLANDS OF BEES
The queen, the lactífera gland secretes pheromones that control the behavior of the family. It holds together the individuals of the same hive and inhibits the position of the workers.
It gland is highly developed. It also has a gland and other alkaline acid in the infringing device. This is of great importance as from alkaline secretion gland, the eggs are coated with a sticky substance which sticks to the bottom of the cell.
The workers also have a complex glandular system. The development of various glands in the working is responsible for the changing roles throughout her life as an adult insect.
Among the external secretion glands in the head are the lactiferous glands (hypopharyngeal and supracerebrales) that produce royal jelly to feed the queen and brood.
Arranged around the brain consist of a large number of secretory cells. In young workers are globose. Royal jelly secretion is associated with the digestion of honey and pollen. So often, when the entry of food decreases the hive or if any internal parasitism is jelly production decreases significantly affecting the overall development of the family. The maximum discharge is between the 8th and 12th day of life of the bee. These glands begin to decrease production to be negligible. At that time the glands become small and cramped.
In parallel with this atrophy, wax-producing glands begin to develop.
These are housed in the ventral part of the last five abdominal segments. There are four pairs that between days 12 to 20 acquire glandular structure. These glands are simply specialized parts of the epidermis. The wax is secreted into bags or cereros shaped pockets of fluid through pores.
This, in contact with air, solidifies quickly semitransparent flake shaped. To become operational, it is closely linked to the availability of food (honey and pollen).
A colony to produce one kilogram of wax, you need to consume more than 10 kilograms of honey.
From the twentieth day life of the bee these glands atrophy and low production of fatty acids. Then they degenerate glands becoming a flattened layer of cells.
Also in the abdomen, but in the back area, the scent gland (Nasanoff) is housed.
Emits the particular and distinctive of each family of bees smell. Through it are recognized individuals within the same hive, it serves to guide the young workers in their first flights during swarming to give cohesion to swarm, and to mark the position of the hive to virgin queens departing on flights guidance and fertilization.
It is common to see many bees in front of the hive exposing the abdomen raised whitish gland and heavily flapping wings.
In the workers and the queen we found the infringing device. It consists of a pair of glands: one that secretes an acidic solution and another alkaline reaction. They have an elongated jacket and join in the "venenífera bag". There also discharges and the whole sting ends in another gland itself produces a lubricating substance.
The sting consists of a pair of stilettos or chitin sawn surface lancets are within a pod. When the sting is nailed, lancets move rapidly driven by powerful muscles.
For penetrate the human skin, the pens are locked in the epidermis and can not be removed by the bee. When it tries to fly, all the infringing device (bag of poison, muscles, etc.) appears and after a few hours the bee dies. Muscles continue operating the lancets and continue to introduce the poison. Therefore it is necessary to act quickly and remove the sting from the base.
The combination of acidic and alkaline glands, resulting in a very active poison capable of serious disorders in the human body, despite its tiny amount (0.3 mg).
Finally we describe the salivary glands. There are a couple located in the head and another in the ventral part of the chest. All the salivary flow at the base lip mouthparts. They secrete enzymes for nectar sugars unfold.
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario
Gracias - Thank you.