Impactos generalizados de los neonicotinoides 'imposible de negar' - Widespread impacts of neonicotinoids 'impossible to deny'.
Por Matt McGrathCorresponsal de Medio Ambiente, BBC News
El declive de las abejas en todo el mundo ha aumentado atención a los productos neonicotinoides
Los activistas han protestado en contra de la continuación del uso de productos químicos neonicotinoides
"Impacts worldwide" In 2011, environmental advocates, IUCN established an international scientific working group on systemic pesticides to study the impacts of these chemicals. Members have reviewed more than 800 peer-reviewed that have been published in the past 20 years documents. spray Aerial spraying is a method of applying pesticides to crops Their assessment of overall impact, says the threat goes far beyond bees. In its report, to be published next month, argues that neonicotinoids and another chemical called fipronil are poisoning the land, air and water. Pesticides accumulate in the soil and leaching into the water, and pose a significant problem for earthworms, freshwater snails, butterflies and birds. The researchers say that the classical measures used to assess the toxicity of a pesticide are not effective for these systemic varieties and hide their true impact. They point to one of the studies in the review conducted in the Netherlands. It was found that the highest levels of neonicotinoids in the water reduce levels of aquatic invertebrates, which are the main prey of a variety of species, including wading birds, trout and salmon. "There is so much evidence, goes far beyond the bees," Professor David Goulson, University of Sussex told the BBC. "They accumulate in soils, which are commonly appearing on the waterways at levels that exceed the lethal dose for humans living in streams. "It is impossible to deny that these things are having a significant environmental impact."
Comparison of DDT Scientists are very concerned about the prophylactic use of neonicotinoids, where the seeds are coated in chemicals and the plant grows with the ability to destroy pests already built in. "It's a bit like taking antibiotics to avoid getting sick," said Professor Goulson, one of a team of 29 scientists involved in the research. "The more you use, the stronger the selective pressure that is placed on insect pests become resistant to them. Their use as prophylactic is absolutely crazy in that regard." protests Activists have protested against the continued use of neonicotinoid chemicals The working group argues that neonicotinoids and Fipronil which constitute about a third of the world market for insecticides, farmers are over-rely on them in the same way as in the past over dependent chemicals are made as DDT. "We have forgotten those lessons and we are back to where we were in 1960," said Professor Goulson. "We rely almost exclusively on these insecticides, calendar spraying 20 times or more in a single field, which is a completely crazy way." Neonicotinoids While not accumulate in the human or animal tissue on the way the DDT was once more modern pesticides are lethal, about 6000 times more toxic as compared to the higher spray. Representatives of the manufacturers say there is nothing new in the study of group work. "There is little credible evidence that these things are causing the worst damage because we have seen over 20 years of use," said Dr. Julian bit of Bayer, one of the manufacturers of neonicotinoids. "If you look at the tree bumblebee is eating the same food as the rest of the bees, and is exposed to the same pesticide load and weather conditions and yet is flourishing, while some other bees are. "If it were pesticides causing massive destruction of our wildlife, surely we would see effects on all the bees?" The European Association of Crop Protection, said the working group was being selective in their evidence, pointing to recent studies conducted by industry show that the decline in bee populations have been exaggerated. "We respect the scientists who have produced this research, but it seems that they are part of a movement that brings together some academics and NGOs, whose sole purpose is to restrict or prohibit the use of technology neonicotinoids, whatever the evidence may show "a spokesman said. Europe already has a two-year moratorium in place which means that neonicotinoids can not be used on flowering crops such as oilseed rape. Last week, President Obama announced the creation of a working group of health of pollinators to look at the impact of exposure to pesticides on bees and other insects. Prof Goulson says he is not in favor of a ban. "We have been using this stuff for 20 years and not a single study showing that enhance performance," he said. "I'm not personally in favor of a total ban, but I think we should use them more judiciously -. If no performance benefit that we should stop using them"
Pesticidas neonicotinoides están causando un daño importante a una amplia gama de especies benéficas y son un factor clave en la disminución de las abejas, dicen los científicos.
Los investigadores, que han llevado a cabo una revisión de cuatro años de la literatura, dicen que la evidencia de daño ahora es "concluyente".
Los científicos dicen que la amenaza a la naturaleza es la misma que una vez planteada por el famoso químico DDT.
Los fabricantes dicen que los pesticidas no están perjudicando a las abejas u otras especies.
Los neonicotinoides se introdujeron en la década de 1990 como un reemplazo de más edad, las sustancias químicas más perjudiciales.
Son un insecticida sistémico , lo que significa que se absorben en cada célula de una planta, por lo que todas las partes venenoso para las plagas.
Pero algunos científicos han estado preocupados por su impacto, casi desde el momento en que se introdujeron.
Gran parte de la preocupación se ha rodeado de sus efectos sobre las abejas.
Ha habido un bien documentado, disminución mundial de estos polinizadores críticos .
Muchos investigadores creen que la exposición a los neonicotinoides ha sido un importante factor de desestabilización para la especie.
"Impactos en todo el mundo"
En 2011, defensores del medio ambiente, la UICN , estableció un grupo de trabajo científico internacional sobre plaguicidas sistémicos para estudiar los impactos de estos productos químicos.
Los miembros han revisado más de 800 documentos revisados por pares que han sido publicados en los últimos 20 años.
La fumigación aérea es un método de aplicación de pesticidas a los cultivos
Su evaluación de impacto global, dice la amenaza que representa va mucho más allá de las abejas.
En su informe, que se publicará el próximo mes, argumentan que los neonicotinoides y otra sustancia química llamada fipronil están envenenando la tierra, el aire y el agua.
Los pesticidas se acumulan en el suelo y la lixiviación en el agua, y plantean un problema significativo para lombrices, caracoles de agua dulce, mariposas y aves.
Los investigadores dicen que las mediciones clásicas que se utilizan para evaluar la toxicidad de un pesticida no son eficaces para estas variedades sistémicas y ocultan su verdadero impacto.
Apuntan a uno de los estudios en la revisión llevada a cabo en los Países Bajos.
Se encontró que los niveles más altos de los neonicotinoides en el agua reducen los niveles de invertebrados acuáticos, que son la presa principal de toda una serie de especies, incluyendo aves zancudas, la trucha y el salmón.
"Hay tanta evidencia, va mucho más allá de las abejas", el profesor David Goulson de la Universidad de Sussex dijo a la BBC.
"Se acumulan en los suelos, que son comúnmente apareciendo en los cursos de agua a niveles que exceden la dosis letal para los seres que viven en los arroyos.
"Es imposible negar que estas cosas están teniendo un gran impacto ambiental."
Comparación de DDT
Los científicos están muy preocupados por el uso profiláctico de los neonicotinoides, donde las semillas se revisten en los productos químicos y la planta crece con la capacidad de destruir las plagas ya construido adentro
"Es un poco como la toma de antibióticos para evitar enfermarse," dijo el profesor Goulson, uno de un equipo de 29 científicos involucrados en la investigación.
"Cuanto más se usan, más fuerte es la presión selectiva que se coloca en los insectos plagas se vuelven resistentes a ellos. Su uso como profilácticos es una locura absoluta en ese sentido."
Los activistas han protestado en contra de la continuación del uso de productos químicos neonicotinoides
El grupo de trabajo sostiene que con los neonicotinoides y el fipronil que constituyen alrededor de un tercio del mercado mundial de los insecticidas, los agricultores están sobre-confiar en ellos de la misma manera como en el pasado se hicieron más de dependiente de productos químicos como el DDT .
"Nos hemos olvidado de esas lecciones y estamos de vuelta a donde estábamos en la década de 1960", dijo el profesor Goulson.
"Confiamos casi exclusivamente en estos insecticidas, calendario pulverización 20 veces o más en un solo campo, que es una manera completamente loco."
Mientras que los neonicotinoides no se acumulan en el tejido humano o animal en la forma en que el DDT hizo una vez, los pesticidas modernos son más letales, aproximadamente 6000 veces más tóxica en comparación con la pulverización mayor.
Representantes de los fabricantes dicen que no hay nada nuevo en el estudio de grupo de trabajo.
"Hay muy poca evidencia creíble de que estas cosas están causando daños desfavorable porque nos las hemos visto más de 20 años de uso", dijo el Dr. Julian poco de Bayer, uno de los fabricantes de los neonicotinoides.
"Si nos fijamos en el abejorro árbol, se está comiendo la misma comida que el resto de las abejas, y se está expuesto a la misma carga de plaguicidas y de las condiciones climáticas y sin embargo, está floreciendo, mientras que algunas otras abejas no lo son.
"Si se tratara de plaguicidas que causan la destrucción masiva de nuestra fauna, seguramente veríamos efectos en todas las abejas?"
La Asociación Europea de Protección de las plantas, dijo el grupo de trabajo estaba siendo selectivos en su evidencia, señalando estudios recientes llevados a cabo por la industria muestran que la disminución de las poblaciones de abejas se han exagerado.
"Respetamos a los científicos que se han producido esta investigación, pero parece que ellos son parte de un movimiento que reúne a algunos académicos y organizaciones no gubernamentales, cuyo único objetivo es restringir o prohibir el uso de la tecnología de los neonicotinoides, independientemente de lo que la evidencia puede mostrar" dijo un portavoz.
Europa ya tiene una moratoria de dos años en su lugar lo que significa que los neonicotinoides no se pueden utilizar en la floración de cultivos, como la violación de semillas oleaginosas.
La semana pasada, el presidente Obama anunció la creación de un grupo de trabajo de la salud de los polinizadores para mirar el impacto de la exposición a los pesticidas en las abejas y otros insectos.
Prof Goulson dice que él no está a favor de una prohibición.
"Hemos estado utilizando estas cosas desde hace 20 años y no hay un solo estudio que muestra que aumentan el rendimiento," dijo.
"No estoy personalmente a favor de una prohibición total, pero creo que deberíamos usarlos mucho más juiciosamente - si es que no se benefician de rendimiento que deberíamos dejar de usarlos."
Widespread impacts of neonicotinoids 'impossible to deny'Neonicotinoid pesticides are causing significant damage to a wide range of beneficial species and are a key factor in the decline of bees, scientists say. The researchers, who conducted a four-year review of the literature, say the evidence of harm is now "compelling". Scientists say the threat to nature is the same once raised by the famous chemical DDT. Manufacturers say that pesticides are not harming the bees or other species. Neonicotinoids were introduced in the 1990s as a replacement for older, more harmful chemicals. Is a systemic insecticide, which means they are absorbed into every cell of a plant, so that all parts poisonous to pests. But some scientists have been concerned about its impact, almost from the time they were introduced. Much of the concern has surrounded its effects on bees. There has been a well-documented, worldwide decline of these critical pollinators. Many researchers believe that exposure to neonicotinoids has been a major destabilizing factor for the species. "Impacts worldwide" In 2011, environmental advocates, IUCN established an international scientific working group on systemic pesticides to study the impacts of these chemicals. Members have reviewed more than 800 peer-reviewed that have been published in the past 20 years documents. spray Aerial spraying is a method of applying pesticides to crops Their assessment of overall impact, says the threat goes far beyond bees. In its report, to be published next month, argues that neonicotinoids and another chemical called fipronil are poisoning the land, air and water. Pesticides accumulate in the soil and leaching into the water, and pose a significant problem for earthworms, freshwater snails, butterflies and birds. The researchers say that the classical measures used to assess the toxicity of a pesticide are not effective for these systemic varieties and hide their true impact. They point to one of the studies in the review conducted in the Netherlands. It was found that the highest levels of neonicotinoids in the water reduce levels of aquatic invertebrates, which are the main prey of a variety of species, including wading birds, trout and salmon. "There is so much evidence, goes far beyond the bees," Professor David Goulson, University of Sussex told the BBC. "They accumulate in soils, which are commonly appearing on the waterways at levels that exceed the lethal dose for humans living in streams. "It is impossible to deny that these things are having a significant environmental impact."
Comparison of DDT Scientists are very concerned about the prophylactic use of neonicotinoids, where the seeds are coated in chemicals and the plant grows with the ability to destroy pests already built in. "It's a bit like taking antibiotics to avoid getting sick," said Professor Goulson, one of a team of 29 scientists involved in the research. "The more you use, the stronger the selective pressure that is placed on insect pests become resistant to them. Their use as prophylactic is absolutely crazy in that regard." protests Activists have protested against the continued use of neonicotinoid chemicals The working group argues that neonicotinoids and Fipronil which constitute about a third of the world market for insecticides, farmers are over-rely on them in the same way as in the past over dependent chemicals are made as DDT. "We have forgotten those lessons and we are back to where we were in 1960," said Professor Goulson. "We rely almost exclusively on these insecticides, calendar spraying 20 times or more in a single field, which is a completely crazy way." Neonicotinoids While not accumulate in the human or animal tissue on the way the DDT was once more modern pesticides are lethal, about 6000 times more toxic as compared to the higher spray. Representatives of the manufacturers say there is nothing new in the study of group work. "There is little credible evidence that these things are causing the worst damage because we have seen over 20 years of use," said Dr. Julian bit of Bayer, one of the manufacturers of neonicotinoids. "If you look at the tree bumblebee is eating the same food as the rest of the bees, and is exposed to the same pesticide load and weather conditions and yet is flourishing, while some other bees are. "If it were pesticides causing massive destruction of our wildlife, surely we would see effects on all the bees?" The European Association of Crop Protection, said the working group was being selective in their evidence, pointing to recent studies conducted by industry show that the decline in bee populations have been exaggerated. "We respect the scientists who have produced this research, but it seems that they are part of a movement that brings together some academics and NGOs, whose sole purpose is to restrict or prohibit the use of technology neonicotinoids, whatever the evidence may show "a spokesman said. Europe already has a two-year moratorium in place which means that neonicotinoids can not be used on flowering crops such as oilseed rape. Last week, President Obama announced the creation of a working group of health of pollinators to look at the impact of exposure to pesticides on bees and other insects. Prof Goulson says he is not in favor of a ban. "We have been using this stuff for 20 years and not a single study showing that enhance performance," he said. "I'm not personally in favor of a total ban, but I think we should use them more judiciously -. If no performance benefit that we should stop using them"
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